Themes in Ancient Textsâ€Applicable from Past to Present Essay

The ancient texts studied in any Hesperian civilization course obviously have relevance to todays society either through the values they themselves possess or the works that they inspired however, not all of the values presented in these works be still relevant in the modern world. The Tanakh, Sophocles Antigone, and Platos Apology are not exceptions to this rule. Each of these works has central ideas that are incredibly applicable to our modern culture and ideas that are less(prenominal) than appropriate in the twenty-first century.Across cultures and religions, perhaps one of the most recognizable passages from the Tanakh is the Ten Commandments (Exodus 201-14). Here, God gives Moses ten laws, which are to govern the Israelites. piece of music this passage may seem relevant because many people, especially those of the Jewish and Christian faiths, still observe these laws, it is relevant to todays society for an exclusively different reason. These Ten Commandments are one of the first sets of written laws and today, countries all over the world still have sets of written laws to govern themselves. More guidelines and laws are presented in Exodus 2022-2333 that cover topics that range from slavery to the murder of other people and all of these laws together were a remarkably tender-hearted and egalitarian body of social legislation (Trulove 34). For any society to function properly, whether past or present, it is crucial that there is some set of universal guidelines direct the people and organizations that the aforementioned society consists of.Another characteristic element of many of the books of the Tanakh is the long lists of family lineages. For example, the entirety of the fifth chapter of Genesis, 32 verses in all, is a record ... ...me (34). Additionally, Socrates comments on the corruption that stems those who use emotional tactics or appeals related to their family to try and escape harsh punishments for criminal charges (36-37). O bviously, with fraudulent charges and defenses riddled with emotional appeals, the judicial form in Athens during Socrates time was less than ideal. In America, the legal system obviously is more regulated than this however, keeping past corrupt judicial systems in mind can help keep that negative aspect of Athenian life out of our own lives.As demonstrated, many of the early works of western civilization are still applicable in todays society. Although some of the ideas in these ancient texts have had relevance throughout time and are still applicable today while others have no place in current times, there is much to learn from the works of the past.

Literary Techniques Used by Fyodor Dostoyevsky in Crime and Punishment

A Study of the literary techniques used by Fyodor Dostoyevsky inCrime and Punishment to study the downfall and subsequent rise ofthe briny character.Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky is the story of a youngstudent Raskolnikov and his need to murder an old charr to prove oneof his many philosophies. The book begins with the murder, but the chief(a) focus is on his reasoning and reactions before and after theact.It is set in St Petersburg where the main character, Raskolnikov,appears to be an ex-student living, in poverty, a life of lethargy.However, it soon emerges that he, despite the physical nature of hissituation, has a very active mind. To reveal whether he is of aspecial tenor of humans, he finds it necessary to kill, and theunfortunate subjects of his experiment be an old pawnbroker and hersister. After the murders, Raskolnikov is subject to a series ofmental and emotional changes, eventually leading to his pleaand, later, his arrest, trial and eight-year prison s entence.It was both this interesting plot and the philosophical nature ofDostoyevskys writing, which initially attracted me to this book. Italso features many themes and characters, as well as an effectivesetting. As a result, I will examine the literary techniques used inCrime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky to convey the downfalland subsequent rise of the main character, Raskolnikov. I will beginby looking at how the setting formed Raskolnikovs character, and thendiscuss the structure and other characters of the novel.The setting plays a primary role in forming Raskolnikovs character.In mid-19th century Russia, an oppressive rule is a result of theRomanov monarchy and this in... ...ition to being important in portraying Raskolnikovs changingpersonality. By fashioning such dissimilarity between the two ways thatthe two characters affect Raskolnikov, we are able to see his downfalland subsequent rise much to a greater extent clearly.Dostoyevskys writing in this book is such t hat the characters andsetting around the main subject, Raskolnikov, are used with military forcefulconsequences. The setting is both symbolic and has a power thataffects all whom reside there, most notably Raskolnikov. An effectiveStructure is also used to show changes to the plots direction andRaskolnikovs character. To add to this, the authors word choice andimagery are often extremely descriptive, and enhance the impact atevery stage of Raskolnikovs changing fortunes and character. All ofthese features aid in the portrayal of Raskolnikovs downfall andsubsequent rise.

Demings Principles of Total Quality Management (TQM) Essay -- essay

Demings Principles of Total feature Management (TQM)Clarify your ConceptDefine your delegating/vision/goal -- aim for constant gain in the product or serve you commotion your clients. You cannot do this without maintaining a high levelof pauperization and satisfaction in the people that comprise your organization --consider that an aspect of your goal.Realize your ConceptWith devolve vision and energetic motivation, make your concept a matter of dailypracticehave a long term, not short term acquire orientation. find, project (the causes), and root out the 4 detriments (fear, jealousy,anger, revenge). choke practices that undermine workers self / mutual respect andmotivation (production quotas, sloganeering, sexist / racist expressions,favoritism / nepotism). foster all chances for pride of workmanship and sharing in the improvementprocess. System & Process Management the Core of TQM PracticeStudy and understand in ever great depth the process of production or servicet hat you are delivering. Demings 85/15 rule 85% of a workers effectiveness isdetermined by the remains he works within, only 15% by his own skill. To breakdown your system into meaningful blocks for analysis, consider your "internalcustomers" of processes. Look at inputs from suppliers -- when you understand the importance ofquality and timeliness in your inputs, you lead stop buying on low-bid only. Quantitative analysis of process -- use Statistical Pr... Demings Principles of Total Quality Management (TQM) Essay -- essay Demings Principles of Total Quality Management (TQM)Clarify your ConceptDefine your mission/vision/goal -- aim for constant improvement in the product orservice you offer your clients. You cannot do this without maintaining a high levelof motivation and satisfaction in the people that comprise your organization --consider that an aspect of your goal.Realize your ConceptWith clear vision and energetic motivation, make your concept a mat ter of dailypracticehave a long term, not short term profit orientation. find, understand (the causes), and root out the 4 detriments (fear, jealousy,anger, revenge). eliminate practices that undermine workers self / mutual respect andmotivation (production quotas, sloganeering, sexist / racist expressions,favoritism / nepotism). foster all chances for pride of workmanship and sharing in the improvementprocess. System & Process Management the Core of TQM PracticeStudy and understand in ever greater depth the process of production or servicethat you are delivering. Demings 85/15 rule 85% of a workers effectiveness isdetermined by the system he works within, only 15% by his own skill. To breakdown your system into meaningful blocks for analysis, consider your "internalcustomers" of processes. Look at inputs from suppliers -- when you understand the importance ofquality and timeliness in your inputs, you will stop buying on low-bid only. Quantitative analysis of process -- u se Statistical Pr...

A Worn Path and The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Essay -- Compare/Cont

In the short stories A Worn Path by Eudora Welty and The Jilting of granny knot Weather every last(predicate) by Katherine Anne Porter, both(prenominal) women overcame several obstacles. In A Worn Path, Phoenix capital of Mississippi faced obstacles such as her age, physical challenges, and how others viewed her. Granny faced obstacles such as dying, shade betrayed by her children, and disappointment in her love liveness. In A Worn Path by Eudora Welty an elderly African American woman named Phoenix Jackson picks a cold December day to make yet another perilous journey to a near by city to get medicate for her ailing grandson. On the way this old woman faces many obstacles, both natural and man-made. Phoenix draws upon her perseverance and willingness to sacrifice herself to help her through fall out her journey, but it is the unending love for her grandson that truly guides and drives her to her final goal. She is described as being a very old woman. Her eyes were blue with ag e. Her skin had a pattern all its own of numberless branching wrinkles and as though a whole little tree stood in the middle of her forehead, but a golden simulation run underneath, and the two knobs of her cheeks were illuminated by a yellow burning under the dark (Welty 386). These all show an indication of her old age. Also, her loss of retrospect indicates her old age. It was only until Phoenix reached the doctors office she remembered why she went on her journey. My grandson. It was my memory had left me. There I sat and forgot why I made my trip(Welty 394). Another character in the story was a white man who was a hunter. When Phoenix falls in the ditch, he helps her out of the ditch. Even though the hunter helps Phoenix, he still poses as a threat to her, because it seems he did not want her to finish her journey. This is made apparent when he states, Why, thats too far Thats as far as I walk when I come out myself, and I get something for my stir(Welty 391). In addition, l ike her name, Phoenix seems ageless. When she stops to drink water from the spring she says, Nobody know who made this well, for it was here when I was born(Welty 391). When she encounters the hunter and he asks her how old she is she says, There is no telling, mister, said, no telling (Welty 392). Again her age is emphasized when she goes to the doctors office and the nurse ask her why she never went to school. I never did go to school, I was too old a... ...e must have due a great compensation in the afterlife. The greatest erroneousness was that having been promised a Heaven, an eternal life, and Granny was once again left alone. Granny was much like Phoenix Jackson, they both had to overcome obstacles or challenges in life that made them stronger. Granny had to deal with the heartache and pain of being deceived and disappointed by what she thought was love and Phoenix had to overcome the obstacles of traveling a voiceless Journey because of the love she had for her grandson. Fate can control humans lives and can help humans reach the end of the challenging path. Phoenixs and Granny Weatheralls ability to withstand and overcome these challenges shows their strong determination, and the will power to endure hardship and continue to be strong.Works CitedBartel, Roland. Life and Death in Eudora Weltys A Worn Path. USA Harcourt Brace and Company, 1998. 45-48 Kirsznerand and Mandell, Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing. Earl McPeek. USA Harcout, Inc., 2001, 1997,1994,1991. 388-395 Porter, Katherine Anne. The Jilting of Granny Weatherall. Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing. Fort Worth Harcourt, 2000.

Free Raisin in the Sun Essays: Pride and Dignity :: A Raisin in the Sun

Pride and Dignity in A Raisin in the Sun A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry follows a black familys struggle to see their dreams through to fruition. These dreams, and the struggles necessary to attain them, are the focus of the play. As the play begins a husband, Walter, and wife, Ruth, are seen having a fight everywhere Walters dream to become a mover and shaker in the business world by using an insurance check as a down payment on a business venture. Walter tells his wife that, Im trying to talk to you bout myself and all you can say is eat them eggs and go to work, which is the first sign of Walters recur feelings that if someone in the family would just listen to him and put forth their trust his dreams would come to fruition. Following this argument Walter goes off to his job as a chauffeur which is the job he so longs to be done away with because he would rather be Mr. Arnoldhis employer than be his chauffeur. This episode illustrates a major conflict passim the st ory. As Walter dreams bigger and bigger he seems to leave the smaller things such as his family behind. This movement away from the family is against the furtherance of the values and morals of the family. While his father would obtain been happy simply working and caring for his family, Walter is more concerned with becoming a mover and shaker without thinking about the resulting consequences for his family. Later in the morning Beneatha, the younger infant of Walter, initiates a conflict by speaking in an unacceptable manner about God seemingly rejecting values that have been taught to her since childhood. This event shows yet another(prenominal) time in which a family member threatens to ruin the inherent stability of the family structure by trying to build in a manner which is all in all incompatible with the rest of the structure. Beneatha, although believing to be bettering herself is leaving an important part of herself and her heritage behind. Beneathas speech about God is her attempt to show her independence and uniqueness in the world, but when she asserts her self in an area that is extremely sensitive to the family heritage and structure, she threatens to wean herself from the only guaranteed support group in life, the family. Once again, as with Walter, Benetha realizes later in the story that it is the furtherance of long-standing family values and morals which give the foundation upon which to build a wonderful life.

Free Raisin in the Sun Essays: Pride and Dignity :: A Raisin in the Sun

Pride and Dignity in A Raisin in the sunniness A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry follows a black familys struggle to see their dreams through to fruition. These dreams, and the struggles necessary to attain them, are the focus of the play. As the play begins a husband, Walter, and wife, Ruth, are seen having a fight over Walters dream to become a mover and shaker in the business world by using an insurance check as a scratch off payment on a business venture. Walter tells his wife that, Im trying to talk to you bout myself and all you can say is eat them eggs and go to work, which is the foremost sign of Walters recurring feelings that if someone in the family would just listen to him and put forth their trust his dreams would come to fruition. Following this argument Walter goes off to his job as a chauffeur which is the job he so longs to be done away with because he would rather be Mr. Arnoldhis employer than be his chauffeur. This episode illustrates a major(ip) confl ict throughout the story. As Walter dreams bigger and bigger he seems to leave the smaller things such as his family behind. This movement away from the family is against the furtherance of the values and morals of the family. time his father would have been happy simply working and caring for his family, Walter is more concerned with becoming a mover and shaker without thinking about the resulting consequences for his family. Later in the morn Beneatha, the younger sister of Walter, initiates a conflict by speaking in an unacceptable manner about God seemingly rejecting values that have been taught to her since childhood. This import builds yet another time in which a family member threatens to ruin the inherent stability of the family structure by trying to build in a manner which is completely incompatible with the rest of the structure. Beneatha, although believing to be bettering herself is leaving an important part of herself and her heritage behind. Beneathas speech abo ut God is her attempt to show her independence and uniqueness in the world, but when she asserts her self in an area that is extremely sensitive to the family heritage and structure, she threatens to wean herself from the only guaranteed support group in life, the family. Once again, as with Walter, Benetha realizes later in the story that it is the furtherance of long-standing family values and morals which give the foundation upon which to build a wonderful life.

Preaching to Every Pew: Cross-Cultural Strategies Essay

Introduction Understanding the discussion is not that easy to do. Especially when dealing with cross heathen population such as the American society is today. Undeniably, the majority of the population of the American communities today comprises of the strong number of immigrants from all over the world? How argon these people to be pr individuallyed by religious leaders and missionaries? The parole of Nieman points out four major segments of doing the preaching process. The express elements include ethnicity, class, displacement, and religious beliefs (Nieman, 2001, 14). Considering these elements would gather in perusal the Bibl with a culturally diverse society an easier task to complete.What of dealing with the complexity of the playscript itself? The context of the entire book stresses a certain deepness that is not that easy to comprehend with. for certain, the functioning in believeing the leger is then perceived to draw more complicated vitalities. How then could an man-to-manist understand the al-Quran without actually going to theological institutions and getting a formal education? Are idiosyncratic owners of the playscript given the privilege to understand the Bible? Certainly The Bible is made available and understandable to whateverbody wanting to gain noesis from it (Nieman, 2001, 19).The procedure to be taken is not based upon quite an arranged agreement that is followed in formal institutions of theology. Opposite from what people think, studying the Bible is quite easy. Whats not easy is the fact that there are required elements of beingness scripturally convinced of an individual before the success of the said study could be expected. There are at least six major elements of being scripturally convinced and at least 12 major procedures of studying the Bible (Nieman, 2001, 22). These elements and procedures would be the entire context of this papers discussion.Elements of Scriptural Convincing Before an individual e ven starts to study the Bible, he must be primarily convinced that he really believes the principles and the laws that are found in the Bible. How does one assure himself of this honor? The following elements shall help him have a clear understanding of this particular truth.Conviction of the truth that he needs to depend upon Gods laws A persons conviction that he and so needs the strength and the guidance of God to be able to live a fruitful smell is the primary basis of his faith upon the guidance of God that is out suck upd in the Bible. Once he does realize this fact, he is then motivated to start his Bible study with a more certain optimism in is vision towards the result of the Bible education that he is about to get. (Nieman, 2001, 28) For this means everlasting bearing, their taking in knowledge of you and of the one whom you sent forth Jesus Christ (fanny 173)Getting the accurate knowledge about the truth is a necessary element of conviction if a person is about to stu dy the Scriptures.Willingness to LearnThis motivation is strengthened still more by an accurate knowledge of Gods purposes. Such knowledge helps to change the very force actuating our minds, the sum that motivates our thoughts and actions. (Ephesians 423,24). An individuals willingness to learn the basic knowledge about life that the Bible offers certainly identifies the ability of the person to actually absorb the lessons that he would primarily grasp from the Bible. (Nieman, 2001, 28)Determination to change and apply the principles of Gods row IN THE middle of the first centuryC.E., the apostle Paul wrote a letter to the Christian congregation in Rome. In it he highlighted the requirement that true Christians had to make changes. He said Quit being fashioned after this system of things, but be transformed by making your mind over, that you may sample to yourselves the good and acceptable and perfect will of God. (Romans 122) Once the lessons of the Bible have been introduced to an individual, it is necessary that the individual acts upon the needs of adjusting ones character in accord with the policies and principles of the Holy Scriptures. (Nieman, 2001, 32)Willingness to adjust ones personality according to the ways of GodThe word of God is alive and exerts power and is sharper than any two-edged sword and pierces even to the dividing of soul and spirit, and of joints and their marrow, and is able to discern thoughts and intentions of the heart. (Hebrews 412)Strip off the old personality with its practices, and clothe yourselves with the new personality, which through accurate knowledge is being made new according tothe image of the One who created it.Colossians 39,10. The verses of the scriptures cited above are indeed effective in applying the element of studying the Bible that pertains to personality change. The willingness and the motivation of the individual to change his travel guidebooks in life certainly identifies his ability to change his per sonality in accordance with the Bibles suggested path of understanding life and living with it. (Nieman, 2001, 36)Ability to communicate with God in fervent prayersPersevere in prayer. (Romans 1212) By prayer we address Jehovah, praise him, thank him, and ask for his help. If we ask for help to overcome undesirable personality traits, such as a bad temper, stubbornness, impatience, or pride, Gods spirit will back up any efforts we make in harmony with that prayer.John 1413,14 James 15 1John 514. The ability of people to understand the privilege that they have in terms of communicating with God through prayers help them gain more faith and faith on whatever they are able to grasp from primarily studying the word of God. (Nieman, 2001, 41)Interest in learning not only the major parts of the Bible but the entire book as it is The Bible contains 66 books in two sections, often called the Old Testament and the New Testament. thirty-nine Bible books were written mainly in Hebrew and 27 i n Greek. The Hebrew Scriptures, consisting of Genesis through Malachi, cover creation as headspring as the first 3,500 years of human history. Examining this part of the Bible, we learn about Gods dealings with the Israelitesfrom their birth as a nation in the sixteenth centuryB.C.E. on into the 5th centuryB.C.E. The Greek Scriptures, containing the books of Matthew through Revelation, focus on the teachings and activities of Jesus Christ and his disciples during the first centuryC.E. (Knowledge that Leads to Everlasting Life, 16).Certainly, from this particular claim, the Bible could be viewed as a book with a singular theme that leads to ones understanding of the necessity that an individual studying the Bible should study not only several portions of the Bible but the entire book as well. These elements are indeed to be preset within the mind of the individual who aims to study and apply the biblical principles that are embedded within the context of the entire Biblical theme. T o understand the effects of the said elements on individual Bible students, the following diagram shall be presentedDiagram 1 The impact of the elements of conviction upon a Bible studentDiagram Explanation The diagram above shows how numerous the circles containing the elements of conviction affects the learning motivation of the students. As a result, the become more convinced to continue progressing in their study and thus progress as well in their application of the major lessons that they learn from the Bible.True, the application of the elements of conviction before actually studying the bible helps an individual collectively arrange the procedures of learning as to how they fit their needs. The following paragraphs shall discuss on the twelve major methods of studying the Bible1 method One The Devotional manner of Bible ruminate Method one is a method that pertains more on the divine conviction of the student in learning the Bible. The proclivity of the student based u pon his desire in becoming a person who follows the principles of the Bible conscientiously is the primary reason for him to continue learning the basic principles of the Bible.2 Method Two The Chapter compendium Method of Bible Study Every chapter in the Bible is of high importance in connection with the main theme that the Bible intends to portray for its readers. The summarizing procedure that a student does to be able to come up with a single conclusion of what has been read every time the Bible study ends, helps the students know the importance of each chapter within their lives.3 Method Three The Character Quality Method of Bible Study The early Christians of the 1st century have left a pattern for the present Christian to follow. Their capability of dealing with the challenges that they had to face way back them and the characteristics and the consequences of their decision certainly have an impact on how the Christians at present act towards the several(predicate) iss ues in the society as well as with their personal lives.4 Method Four The Thematic Method of Bible Study Thematic method is based upon the evaluation of the student of the sub-themes of the bible that primarily pertains to the entire theme of the Scriptures which is pointed to the purpose of God for the lives of humans on earth. This method helps the student understand the different idealisms presented in the Bibles and thus get the entire thought of actually applying them within the social and personal activities of the individual himself.5 Method Five The Biographical Method of Bible Study The lives of the people within the historical accounts of the Bible leave a strong impact upon the personality of the people today. Studying their biographical backgrounds would not only increase the knowledge of a student about biblical characters, it would also increase the possibility of the individuals familiarity with what the said characters did and how they fared so far with the decis ions that they made. Hence, by this, the student is equipped with the wisdom that he needs to face and decide for his life.6 Method sextuplet The Topical Method of Bible Study Topical method encourages the student to focus on certain topics that primarily interest him. Since the topics interest him, it is not unworkable that it would be easier fro him to grasp the lessons importance.7 Method Seven The Word Study Method of Bible Study This is more of enriching ones knowledge based upon the different vocabularies that are found in the Bible. The vocabulary-based meaning of the context would certainly help the student locate the connection of each Bible book with reach early(a) through the thematic approach of the presentation of the vocabularies of the entire context of the Bible.8 Method Eight The Book Background Method of Bible Study wise(p) the Bibles history and how it has been passed on from generations to generation and how it has been preserved amidst all the Christia n persecution during the early Years of Christianity helps the students understand how important the Bible really is.9 Method Nine The Book Survey Method of Bible Study Book survey involves the evaluation of the Biblical theme based form book to book. Once students glance on the book and immediately recognize the ideas presented in theta particular book, then the said method has been utilized effectively by the student.10 Method Ten The Chapter Analysis Method of Bible StudyChapter analysis helps the students get the gist of every chapter and thus be bale to explain the said ideas to others when the chapters are being discussed.11 Method Eleven The Book Synthesis Method of Bible Study The condensing of the lessons that were previously studied and carrying them into becoming a single conclusion, it could be noted that the theme of the Bible is certain and thus through this method, the proof of such claim could be well established.12 Method Twelve The Verse by Verse Method of Bible StudyEach verse is important in creating the main theme of the bible. Studying each verse and understanding how they are able to affect the lives of the students both personally and socially determines the success of the application of this particular method.ConclusionIT IS only reasonable that our good-natured Creator would provide a book of instruction and guidance for mankind. More than 2,500 years ago, a prophet and historian wrote It does not belong to man who is walking even to direct his step. (Jeremiah 1023) Today, the truthfulness of that statement is more evident than ever.Thus, historian William H.McNeill notes The human adventure on the face of this planet has been an almost invariable series of crises and disruptions of societys established order. True, with the certain methods and elements of studying the Bible presented herein, it could be observed that being able to understand the Bible clearly indeed provides the best benefits that one could ever get form i nformal yet highly-established procedure of studying.ReferencesNew American Standard Bible. Foundation Publications updated edition (August 2005).Nelson Bibles. (1999). The NKJV Slim line Bible. Thomas Nelson New Ed edition.James R. Nieman and Thomas G. Rogers. (2001). Preaching to Every Pew Cross-Cultural Strategies. Augsburg Fortress Publishers.

Aging and Stress

This study investigated the source of render among different cultural groups. Thirty-four participants both men and women from 65 to speed of light years old were interviewed. The participants were from Filipino, Latino, and Jewish senior recreation clubs.A grounded theory approach was used throughout the study. One core theme emerged people go to senior substances looking for social connections and do not always find them. The results were consistent with the research (Cussack, 1993) seniors centers present opportunities for older adults to develop meaning roles that contribute to the spirit of their own lives.One of the implications for TR practice is RTs have the ability to create positive and healthy changes in elderly participants. RTs flowerpot be instrumental in purpose those needed roles for elders. RTs can train recreation professionals in communication techniques and group interaction.I. IntroductionMany older adults are faced with situations they perceive as emphasi sful. Researchers have set causes of stress for seniors to include health concerns, loss of family, loss of friends, loss of finances and loss of independence.Many older adults experience unnecessary stress and become used to sustenance a chaotic and unhappy way of life. If they understood the source of their stress, older adults could begin to manage their lives with positive results.The researcher is seeking to discover the cause of stress in older adults, and if there is a difference among the cultural groups. It is known that about thirty-one percent, or 9.9 million, non-institutionalized older people live alone (Administration on Aging, 1999).II. BackgroundThere is limited research on coping and stress management for older adults with a comparative analysis by culture and gender. This study compared sources of stress among elders in the following immigrant groups Filipino, Latino, and Jewish elders. The Filipino group was selected because it is the largest group of Asian elde rs in the county where the research was conducted.The Latino elders comprise the largest minority group in the county, and the Jewish elders were chosen because many were immigrants who came to America seeking freedom from persecution and the terror of Western Europe in the 1940s and may be perceived to have higher levels of stress than the other two groups.A goal of the researcher, was to provide information for those designing programs for older adults, to assist them in the reduction of stress, and to insure the programs are not only purloin to the needs of seniors, but their cultural needs as well. While each group of immigrant elders may have their own unique attributes and circumstances, recreation and leisure activities can help to expedite identity in the new community, (Ward, 2000).III. MethodThe researcher gave a presentation and offered a warm-up activity on stress before interviewing the subjects. distributively subject was interviewed individually and asked four ques tions please see table 1. The grounded theory methodology (Strauss & Corbin, 1994), a form of qualitative research was selected for this study because of the usefulness in categorizing empirically collected data to build a general theory to fit the data.The primary research question was what is the source of stress among Filipino, Latino and Jewish elders? The sampling strategy used was snowball or chain sampling.IV. ParticipantsThe subjects for this study included males and females. The groups were comprised oftwelve Jewish females, ten Latina females, and eleven Filipino females ages 60 to 100 years old. The male subjects consisted of six Jewish males, eight Latino males, and nine Filipino males, ages 60 to 85 years old.See table 2. The sample was drawn from ternion recreational clubs one multipurpose center with a variety of cultural clubs and groups with one serving primarily Jewish elders. In the study, one senior center was a traditional multi-purpose facility operated by a l arge urban city (pop. 461,522) in Los Angeles County, and a private non-profit Jewish community center pass diverse programming and activities for individuals of all ages.

Kudler Security Report

Kudler Fine Foods IT Security Report and Presentation Security Considerations CMGT/400 Kudler Fine Foods IT Security Report and Presentation Security Considerations According to Whitman and Mattord(2010),The ISO 27000 series is whiz of the most widely referenced earnest models.Referencing ISO/IEC 27002 (177992005), the major process steps take on risk judging and treatment, earnest polity, organization of nurture security measures, as dance orchestra counselling, human being resources security, physical and environmental security, communications and operations management, overture manoeuvre, info establishments acquisition, development, and maintenance, entropy security incident management, championship continuity management, and compliance (Chapter 10, Security Management Models). 1.Risk assessment and treatment 2. Security policy Focuses mainly on study security policy 3. Organization of information security For both the internal organization and remote parties 4. Asset management Includes province for assets and information classification 5. Human resources security Ranges from controls prior to physical exertion and during employment to termination or change of employment 6. strong-arm and environmental security Includes secure aras and equipment security 7.Communications and operations management Incorporates operational procedures and responsibilities, tercet- political party service delivery management, systems palnning and acceptance, entertainion against malicious and lively economy, dressingup, network security management, media handling, exchange of information, electronic commerce service and monitoring 8. Access control Focuses on business requirement for inlet control, user approach path management, user responsibilities, network admission charge control, operating system access control, application and information access control, and mobile computing and teleworking 9. tuition systems acquisition, development, and m aintenance Includes security requirements of information systems, correct processing in applications, cryptographic controls, security of system files, security in development and support processes, and technical vulnerability management 10. Information security incident management Addresses describe information security events and weaknesses and management of information security incidents and improvements 11.Business continuity management Information security aspects of business continuity management 12. Compliance Includes compliance with healthy requirements, compliance with security policies and standards, and technical compliance and information systems audit considerations The SANS SCORE (2012) website provides a free audit checklist for organizations to verify if they comply with the ISO 27002. The following table represents the SANS audit checklist as it relates to Kudler Fine Foods frequent buyer program. Security policy Focuses mainly on information security policy Se ction canvas Question Security Considerations Security extend to if Mitigation removed Information security policyWhether in that respect exists an Information A security policy is With egress a security policy typeset what motifs to be document security policy, which is approved by the necessary to guide solely in place the rampart nourished in order to management, published and communicated as access or to block of information would be develop a security policy. appropriate to all employees. access to information. lost.Uncontrolled accessThe importance of the pass on result in the loss ofinformation should Whether the policy states management compevery information. determine the severity of dedication and sets out the organizational the security. approach to managing information security. Review of Informational Whether theInformation Security Policy isThe security policy Without the review of Each policy should be Security Policy reviewed at be after intervals, or if should be reviewed as security policies they reviewed periodically to significant changes occur to vouch its business practices, will most likely become checker its effectiveness. continuing suitability, adequacy and hardwargon, softw are, and out dated and lose effectiveness. the way in which usefulness. Each policy owner will be information is shared prudent for the review Whether the Information Security policy change. Without giving each of the policy. has an owner, who has approved management section of the policy an responsibility for development, review andEach part of the policy owner the policy will haveEach change will be brought evaluation of the security policy. should have an owner whono one responsible for itsbefore management before is responsible for maintenance. being brought into action. Whether any define Information Security keeping it up to date. Policy review procedures exist and do they A policy to review new include requirements for the management A review procedure policies or changes made review. should be in place, eachto genuine policies should change made should be be in place to discourage Whether the results of the management reviewed by management. un original changes. review are taken into account. Whether management commendation is obtained for the revised policy. Organization of Information Security Section Audit Question Security Security apprehension if Mitigation Considerations removed Management commitment toWhether management demonstrates active support for An active role Without the active supportA definition of the role information security security measures within the organization.This can beby management of management the securitymanagement should play in make via clear direction, demonstrated commitment, is needed to policy will lose its the commitment to the explicit assignment and acknowledgement of infor mation catch the effectiveness. security policy should be security responsibilities. effectiveness state in the security of the security policy. policy. Information security Whether information security activities are Security Information security Ensure that the owner of coordination coordinated by representatives from diverse parts of activities needactivities need to be each policy is responsible the organization, with pertinent roles and to be organized by employees for all activities responsibilities. coordinated by with higher roles and associated with the representativesresponsibilities. The policies. that carry security policies protect pertinent rolesthe information and all and activities associated with responsibilitiethe security policy should s. be made by responsible parties. Allocation of Whether responsibilities for the protection of The business Without a clear set of A clear set of instructions information security individua l assets, and for carrying out specific will suffer a rules governing the will be provided to break responsibilities security processes, were clearly set and great many protection of individual that each individual asset outlined. losses due to assets and security and each security process unclear processes the business is clearly defined. detentions of will surely suffer a loss. procedures. Authorization process Whether management authorization process is defined Authorization Without the use of an both and all information for information and implemented for any new information processing processes need authorization system a newprocessing facilities need processing facilities installing within the organization. to be clearly information processing to be given ownership to a stated in the facility would be left member of management. This security vulnerable for attack. member postulate to ensure the policy. Any security policy is new information fo llowed.Using the proper processing authorization system is facility needs critical to securing the to have an information contained authorization within. process implemented. Confidentiality Whether the organizations need for Confidentiality orThe NDA should Without the use of an NDA The NDA needs to be agreements Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) for protection of be clearly the legal ramifications reviewed periodically to information is clearly defined and symmetrically reviewed. defined. This are greatly lessened. A ensure that any changes in will help to business needs to protect the business are reflected Does this address the requirement to protect the ensure the its data to the fullest in it. private information using legal enforceable termsinformation is extent of the law. not compromised. Contact with authoritiesWhether there exists a procedure that describes when, This is The time it takes to act A plan must be in place for and by whom relevant authorities such as justice important to in an emergency is crucialdifferent types of enforcement, fire department etc. should be the physical to keeping employees and emergencies involving any contacted, and how the incident should be reported. security of thethe business safe. A planoutside authorities. This business and must be in place to avoid can help to prevent the employee potential losses due to injuries and harm done to within. unforeseen events. employees and the business. Contact with special Whether appropriate contacts with special interest Contacts with Allowing a ternion party A policy needs to define interest groups groups or other specialist security forums, and third party group access to any the steps needed to grant pro associations are maintained groups need to information can be a risk for special interest groups be approved my to the business. All and how the relationship is management. third party associations mainta ined. should be approved in advance by management. Independent review of Whether the organizations approach to managing Security The loss of strength to To ensure the highest level information security information security, and its implementation, is management the security of of security a review should reviewed independently at planned intervals, or when should be information can occur be implemented periodically major changes to security implementation occur. reviewed at through time (small and whenever a major change planned changes) or when a major takes place. intervals and change has taken place. when major changes occur. Identification of risks Whether risks to the organizations information and Allowing third Allowing third parties Strict rules and an access think to orthogonal information processing facility, from a process parties access access to the business policy must be implemented parties involving external party access, is identified and to the network network and the contents to allow a third party appropriate control measures implemented before poses serious of the business systems access to any information granting access. risks to the poses a serious threat to in the business. integrity of the integrity of the the system. information. Addressing security whenWhether all identified security requirements are Allowing Allowing customers access Access to information by dealing with customers fulfilled before granting customer access to the customers with to information in the customers should be stated organizations information or assets. the access to business system poses a in the security policy. certain threat. Customers should only be information can allowed access to minimal help to information, a sort increase website or informational customer base address. and customer awareness. Addressing Security in Whether the agreement with third parties, involving Al l third partyAgreeing with a third Any third party submit third party agreements accessing, processing, communicating or managing the agreements party contract can hold should be reviewed by the organizations information or information processing should be some legal ramifications. legal department to ensure facility, or introducing products or services to reviewed before the contract agrees with information processing facility, complies with all implementation. all of the businesses appropriate security requirements security requirements. Asset Management Section Audit Question Security Considerations Security concern if Mitigation removed Inventory of Assets Whether all assets are identified and an The businesses assets Without a clear definitionEach new asset will be record or register is maintained with need to be registered toof assets the business registered and assigned an all the important assets. ensure their safety. could suffer a loss or owner. larceny of assets. Ownership of Assets Whether each asset identified has an The security policy mustThe business could suffer Each new asset should have owner, a defined and agree-upon security include clearly defined a loss without giving the an owner and restrictions classification, and access restrictions parameters for asset an owner and to its access. that are periodically reviewed. registering assets. defining access restrictions. Acceptable use of Assets Whether regulations for acceptable use of Legal issues and profitsWithout regulations on theDefineing all acceptable information and assets associated with an losses could occur from use of assets the company uses of business assets is information processing facility were the misuse of assets. could suffer losses and crucial. identified, documented and implemented legal issues. Classification guidelines Whether the information is classified in Classification of By classifying informationAll informat ion should be terms of its value, legal requirements, information is crucial is can be easier to classified in terms of its sensitivity and criticality to the to the business. This determine who has access value, legal requirements, organization. will determine who has to it. and sensitivity to ensure access to the it is only accessible to information. authorized users. Information Labeling and Whether an appropriate set of procedures A set of organizational Unorganized information All information should be handling are defined for information labeling and parameters should be can result in the loss of organized within a set of handling, in accordance with the devised to create a the information. parameters defined in the classification scheme adopted by the classification scheme. classification scheme. organization. Human Resources Security Section Audit Question Security Considerations Security concern if Mitigation removed Roles and responsibiliti es Whether employee security roles and All violence authorizedUnauthorized access of All confidential responsibilities, contractors and third to access confidential this information could information should be party users were defined and documented ininformation needs to be result in identity theft. handled by authorized accordance with the organizations identified by management force play only. information security policy. team. Were the roles and responsibilities defined and clearly communicated to job candidates during the pre-employment process Screening Whether background verification checks forAll applicants If not performed, persons All employees should be all candidates for employment, considered for with a history of theft free of any criminal contractors, and third party users were employment have to could be hired. history that may cause carried out in accordance to the relevant undergo a criminal concern to the company. regul ations. background check prior to a job offer being Does the check include character made. reference, confirmation of claimed academic and professional qualifications and independent identity checks Terms and conditions of Whether employee, contractors and third Management must define Unauthorized access of To prevent confidential employment party users are asked to sign what information is this information could be information to be disclosed confidentiality or non-disclosure confidential in used for own(prenominal) use. to unauthorized persons. agreement as a part of their initial termsaccordance to existing and conditions of the employment contract. laws and company policy. Whether this agreement overs the information security responsibility of the organization and the employee, third party users and contractors. Management responsibilitiesWhether the management requires employees,Management must define Unauthorized ac cess could To prevent confidential contractors and third party users to applywhich users have to havebe used for personal gain. information to be disclosed security in accordance with the this access. to unauthorized persons. established policies and procedures of the organization. Information security Whether all employees in the organization,Management and Loss Private information could To educate all personal awareness, education and and where relevant, contractors and third Prevention must develop be disclosed to about privacy policy. training party users, receive appropriate security a training program and unauthorized persons for awareness training and regular updates in establish how often it personal use. organizational policies and procedures as needs to be it pertains to their job function. administered. Disciplinary process Whether there is a formal disciplinary Management must Private information could To advise employees what process for th e employees who have establish corrective be disclosed to recourse their actions will committed a security breach. action measures if thereunauthorized persons for have. is a security breach. personal use. Termination Whether responsibilities for performing Management must advise If an employee was not To define the procedures of responsibilities employment termination, or change of what actions will properly displaced could terminating employment. employment, are clearly defined and terminate employment andresult in a lawsuit. assigned what procedures are involved in the termination process. Return of assets Whether there is a process in place that Management must define If not returned, certain To ensure that all ensures all employees, contractors and what materials employeescompany items could be appropriate company third party users surrender all of the must return upon used for personal use. materials are returned. organizations assets in their poss ession employment. upon termination of their employment, contract or agreement. Removal of access rights Whether access rights of all employees, Management will define aIf not defined, it is To prevent unauthorized contractors and third party users, to timeframe in which a possible that a terminatedpersonnel from accessing information and information processing terminate employee employee could still company information. facilities, will be removed upon access is removed access company termination of their employment, contract information. or agreement, or will be adjusted upon change. Physical and Environmental Security Section Audit Question Security Considerations Security concern if Mitigation removed Physical security toleranceWhether a physical border security facility has been implemented to protect the information processing service. Some examples of such security facilities are card control entry gates, wal ls, manned reception, etc. Physical entry controls Whether entry controls are in place to Physical access to potential for security server way of life should be allow only authorized personnel into system breach through locked with access various areas within the organization. unauthorized access to restricted to authorized physical equipment. personnel.Sophistication of restraint would be dependent upon importance of information and budget. Securing offices, rooms, Whether the rooms, which have the and facilities information processing service, are locked or have lockable cabinets or safes. Protecting against externalWhether the physical protection against corruption and/or loss loss of critical data. Data and system redundance, and environmental threats damage from fire, flood, earthquake, of information due to off-site storage and/or explosion, civil unrest and other forms ofenvironmental conditions multiple servers at natural or man-made disaster should be different locations. designed and applied. Whether there is any potential threat from neighboring premises. Working in secure areas Whether physical protection and guidelines for working in secure areas is designed and implemented. Public access delivery and Whether the delivery, loading, and other loading areas areas where unauthorized persons may enter the premises are controlled, and information processing facilities are isolated, to avoid unauthorized access Equipment posing Whether the equipment is protected to protection reduce the risks from environmental threats and hazards, and opportunities for unauthorized access Supporting utilities Whether the equipment is protected from tycoon failures and other disruptions caused by failures in supporting utilities. Whether permanence of power supplies, such as a multiple feed, an Uninterruptible Po wer Supply (ups), a backup generator, etc. are being utilized. Cabling security Whether the power and telecommunications cable, carrying data or supporting information services, is protected from interception or damage. Whether there are any additional security controls in place for sensitive or critical information. Equipment tending Whether the equipment is correctly maintained to ensure its continued availability and integrity. Whether the equipment is maintained, as per the suppliers recommended service intervals and specifications. Whether the maintenance is carried out only by authorized personnel. Whether logs are maintained with all suspected or actual faults and all preventive and corrective measures. Whether appropriate controls are implemented while sending equipment off premises. ar the equipment covered by insurance and t he insurance requirements satisfied Securing of equipment Whether risks were assessed with regards off-site data storage off-site data may be proper security measures in off-premises to any equipment usage outside an centers provide a level compromised or otherwise place to ensure integrity organizations premises, and mitigation of redundancy to corrupted due to of data. controls implemented. maintain integrity in insufficient security the event of a local measures Whether the usage of an information breach processing facility outside the organization has been authorized by the management. Secure disposal or re-use Whether all equipment, containing storage of equipment media, is checked to ensure that any sensitive information or licensed software is physically destroyed, or securely over-written, prior to disposal or reuse. Removal of property Whether any controls are in place so that equipment, information and software is not taken off-site without prior authorization. Communications and Operations Management Section Audit Question Security Considerations Security concern if Mitigation removed Documented Operation Whether the operating procedure is Management should set Without direction, To establish how the Procedures documented, maintained and available to guideline about how eachemployees would not know company is to operate on a all users who need it. function should operate what to do throughout the daily basis. in the company. day. Whether such procedures are treated as formal documents, and therefore any changes made need management authorization. Change Management Whether all changes to information processing facilities and systems are controlled. separatism of duties Whether duties and areas of responsibilityManagement is No one would be To establish accountability are separated, in order to reduce responsible for responsible for ensuring for task performed in each opportunities for unauthorized assigning area of tasks are completed. area. modification or misuse of information, or responsibility. services. Separation of development, Whether the development and testing Management needs to absurd information To prevent incorrect test, and operational facilities are isolated from operational establish a separate could cause a delay in information is not given to facilities facilities. For example, development and network. production or development. incorrect personnel. production software should be run on different computers.Where necessary, development and production networks should be kept separate from each other. Service delivery Whether measures are taken to ensure that Define what measures areGoods and services will To ensure that service the security controls, service definitionsneeded and establish whonot be done in a timely level is established and and delivery lev els, include in the thirdto monitor. manner. maintained. party service delivery agreement, are implemented, operated and maintained by a third party Monitoring and review of Whether the services, reports and records Define what measures areGoods and services will To ensure that service third party services provided by third party are regularly needed and establish whonot be done in a timely level is established and monitored and reviewed. to monitor. manner. maintained. Whether audits are conducted on the above third party services, reports and records, on regular interval. Managing changes to third Whether changes to provision of services, Define what measures areGoods and services will To ensure that service party services including maintaining and improving needed and establish whonot be done in a timely level is established and existing information security policies, to monitor. manner. maintained. procedures and controls, are managed. Does this take into account criticality of business systems, processes involved and re-assessment of risks Capacity management Whether the capacitor demands are monitoredManagement must decide Systems will not be able To establish who will and projections of future capacity if a third party will beto process information monitor computer systems. requirements are made, to ensure that needed to assist with needed in a timely manner. sufficient processing power and storage are their IT needs. available. Example Monitoring hard disk space, RAM and CPU on critical servers. System acceptance Whether system acceptance criteria are Management must decide Systems will not be able To establish who will established for new information systems, if a third party will beto process information monitor computer systems. upgrades and new versions. needed to assist with needed in a timely manner. their IT needs. Whether suitable tests were carried out prior to acceptance Controls against malicious Whether detection, prevention and recoveryIT personnel must ensureUnauthorized access could Establish measures to code controls, to protect against malicious proper measures are in lead to system shut down. protect from virus and code and appropriate user awareness place. malware. procedures, were developed and implemented. Controls against mobile Whether only authorized mobile code is code used. Whether the configuration ensures that authorized mobile code operates according to security policy. Whether execution of unauthorized mobile code is prevented. (Mobile code is software code that transfers from one computer to another computer and then executes automatically. It performs a specific function with little or no user intervention. Mobile code is associated with a number of middleware services. Information ba ckup Whether back-ups of information and IT personnel will ensureIf not properly manage To establish back up and software is taken and tested regularly in that system is properly could result in loss of recover of data procedures. accordance with the agreed backup policy. working. data. Whether all essential information and software can be recovered following a disaster or media failure. Network Controls Whether the network is adequately managed IT personnel must ensureUnauthorized access could Establish measures to and controlled, to protect from threats, proper measures are in lead to system shut down. protect from virus and and to maintain security for the systems place. malware. and applications using the network, including the information in transit. Whether controls were implemented to ensure the security of the information in networks, and the protection of the connected services from threats, such as unautho rized access. Security of network Whether security features, service levels IT/Third party will The company may not be To establish what security services and management requirements, of all advise management the aware of what is needed tofeatures of needed to network services, are identified and necessary requirements secure the network and themaintain the network. included in any network services needed for the network. system is broken into agreement. compromising information. Whether the ability of the network service

Global warming: Natural or human- induced Essay

Scientists and environmentalists imbibe defined the term international heating plant in different ways Global warming refers to the heating of the surface, which leads to mood channelise and rising sea levels this is mainly collect to emission of gases (www. planningportal. gov. uk/). Others pass judgment orbicular warming to the consequences of the green house effects. It is also believed that global warming occurs when temperatures of the earth surface ontogeny due to educate of carbon dioxide cause climatic changes hence global warming.Global warming has in the juvenile past become a subject of interest among scientists environmentalists and governments among other groups. This is due to the far reaching effects especially the climate change. The question that now begs an manage is whether global warming occurs course or it is due to human activities. There has been an increase in global temperature since mid 20th century, There are scientists who read that global wa rming is caused by human activities like the emission of gases such as carbon to the atmosphere, burning of fossil fuels, deforestations and similar activities (Job D. A. 1994).Human activities founder been cited as the causes of global warming by environmentalists, who urge for discontinuation of the said activities. Green house gases are highly cited to cause the rise in the temperature of the earth. This is mainly due to anthropogenic GHGs. However this argument is discredited because rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and green house gases GHGs does not correlate with global warming. Some scientists argue that if the green house gases were create climate changes through temperature rise, then the troposphere would warm faster than the earth surface and this according to them is not observable.Temperature measurement indicate that temperatures increase with the rate of the temperature surface. Temperatures have risen and fallen due to the change in the levels of carbon dioxi de in a time span of after 1000 years (Net T. 1999). It is uncertain to attribute global warming to the humans. Global warming is due to the effects of indispensable occurrence such as ocean currents and when the solar system increases its solar activities. ocean currents are the movements of ocean water in a continuous way, Ocean currents within the ocean of hot or bleak rivers.Forces generate currents which acts upon water causing planet rotation, wind affects the temperatures, this leads to differences in the moon gravitation. Ocean currents may flow for long distances even thousands of kilometers. They determine the climates in areas surrounding the oceans. Some examples are the Hawaiian Islands where the climate of the area is cool than the tropical latitudes. Deep ocean currents are driven by destiny and temperature gradient. Global warming is mostly believed to be caused by human activities.Some researchers have tried to examine patterns of heat in the temperature warming over land and water in both warm and cold areas. Results revealed some specific patterns regarding the green house gases. Vertical structure of warming was graphically different from natural warming structure. (Santer, B. D et al) According to Thomson, J. (1995), a mark analyst, the accumulation of green house gases had overwhelmed the relatively weaker effects of solar cycle on the climate. He had also noted that seasons timings kept on changing due to emissions of carbons dioxide after the World War II during the industrialization process.The seasonal pattern had started to change at a very high rate. (The seasons global temperature and precession by David J Thomson science vol 268 1995) Research done has continued to strengthen the case for human induced global warming. The national climate date stamp center found that wintertime and night time low temperatures were rising twice than summer time and daytime high temperature. Researchers argued that if the warming occurs natural ly high and low temperatures would rise and fall in a parallel manner rather than the observed temperature range which narrows between daytime highs and nighttime lows.(David, E. et al 1997) There is relation between temperature changes and factors like volcanic activities and suns brightness variations. Abrupt warning had occurred during the 20th century. Most of the climatic analysis on climatic change has suggested that human interventions have been a dominant force behind global warming. Others studies have shown that natural factors had also influenced the change of earths temperature. There has been an increase in carbon dioxide and methane amount in space migrating from the earth atmosphere. These changes occurred between 1970 and 1997.Human generated carbon dioxide from green house had caused the earth to import heat causing climate change. Many researchers in their studies and analysis of global warming acknowledge that human has induced increase of the earths temperature. Gas emissions from industries, deforestation, burning fuels causes rise of the earth temperature. Global warming and climate change is attributed to various factors natural and human induced. Natural factors within the earths climate system have brought few changes. Changes earths orbiting around the sun can bring a large change on the earths climate system.However climate change have been altered in a significant variations, this makes it difficult to explain changes in climate as seen since the 20th century as occurring due to natural processes.ReferenceChoundhury, S. (1980). Management Education in India, university of Calcutta. Fleagle R. G. (1992). The US government response to global change, splinger.. Houghton J. T, and Jenkins G. V. (1990). Climate Change The IPCC scientific Assessment UNEP. Job D. A. (1994). Global climate Change, natural resource management, Carpe. Net T. Emission Economicwide Effects of Reducing CO, urbanfischer.de, 1999. Noguchi K. and Konopka B. bioma ss and production of fine roots in Japanese forests, splinger, 1992. Nordaus W. D and Shaw . D. (1994). Impacts of Global Warming on Agriculture. Cambridge Univesity press. Russel D. Land Rind D. (1992). Regional cooling in a warming climate us government printing office, 1992. Victor D. G. (2001) The collapse of the Kyoto protocol and the struggle to behind Global warming the complete briefing. Princeton univ. press. David J Thomson. (1995). vol 268. Available at www. planningportal. gov. uk/england/professional/en/111531/o689250. html. Retrieved on 030408

Sigmund Freud and Phobias

Are phobic neurosiss caused by cozy needs, or Is there something else that causes people to eat up phobias? Sigmund Freud was innate(p) May 6, 1 856, in Beriberi, Moravia (now the Czech Republic). Freud grew up a very confused kidskin. His initiate out married a woman 20 years young than himself. His grow had sons that were as experient as his in the raw bride. Freud thought his half-brothers were to a greater extent compatible as a mate with his mother. Freud himself questioned If his new little sister was produced from his father or half- brother.HIS childhood confusion led him to Investigate his own thoughts and the Houghton of other people. (Gay, P.. 1988) Freud used psychoanalysis in patients, which allowed them to openly speak about their memories in a relaxed environment. Frauds psychoanalyst approach is still used today. Summers (2006) states, Freud found that as the patient grew closer to the traumatic material, repression increased, and the analysts intervention was required. As each resistance was overcome, a new zone was reached In which the patient could associate freely. UT as that process approached painful material, the resistance intensified, and the analyst was needed to break by dint of the new airier. (p. 328) just now Freud was not satisfied with just analyzing peoples thoughts. He wanted to know what motivated the repression of feelings. Freud thought the three psychic structures the d, the ego, and the superego, could be used to describe the conflicting forces of personality. The old begins at birth and continues until the child Is 1 year old. The old Is entirely unconscious, and has no regard for rules of society.The ego Is the second stage of psychic structures. The child is arising to see that needs cannot be met immediately. The third stage of psychic structure development is the superego. This stage takes over in previous(predicate) childhood as the child begins to learn the rules of society. The child also begins to be more like his or her p atomic number 18nt. (Rather, 2008) Freud was very controversial In his time. He believed childrens basic feelings were related to sexual feelings. He defined five stages of psychosocial development as oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.The stages of psychosocial development translate into adulthood as well. If needs are not met, or overestimated during any of the stages, the child give move over issues as an adult. Rather, 2008) The first stage of psychosocial development is the oral stage. This begins at birth. Freud argued that breastfeeding satisfied sexual need in an infant as well as nourished the child. By weaning the child early, he or she may have an oral fixation infant is commensurate to begin to control intestine movements. Freud believed anal fixations translated into adulthood by being overly self-controlling or careless.The third stage is the phallic stage, which begins around the third year of life. During this stage children may have strong sexual attachments too parent. The latency stage begins after a child has had sexual attachment too parent for several years. During this stage the sexual feelings remain unconscious. The fifth and final stage is the genital stage, which takes over at puberty. It is at this time that young adults begin to find mates that resemble their father or mother. (Rather, 2008) Freud also thought that phobias originated from sexual urges.Freud used the case of shortsighted Hans, a boy who was frightened of horses to explain how phobias are related to sexual urges. Little Hans was five years old, his father wrote to Freud to help explain why Hans was afraid of horses. Freud theorized that Hans had an Oedipus complex and was in love with his mother, and was a sexual rival of his father. Freud believed phobias do no occur when sexual development is normal. Frauds explanation does not take into account that the young boy had witnessed a terrible accident between a mickle and a hors e weeks earlier.Freud suggested to Hans parents to allow Hans to openly speak his feelings, which they did. When Hans parents talked to him, they found out he was Jealous of his new baby sister getting more perplexity than he. Years later when Freud spoke with Hans, Hans could not member his phobia of horses. Although most mental health experts have now discarded Frauds theory of phobias originating from sexual development, Freud did offer the study of mental illness by having patients openly discuss their phobias. Margarita, 2009) slew unable to cope well with melodic line may develop an anxiety disorder. Margarita (2009) defines anxiety disorder as an extreme and chronic reaction to an erroneous care, affecting a persons mood, thoughts, behavior, and activities. (p. 19) The six types of anxiety disorder hold social phobias, specific phobias, fear crosier, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Panic disorder sympto ms imply a sudden attack of terror including pounding heart, sweating, weakness, faintness, or dizziness.Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms represent of becoming obsessed with a certain fear, and creating strange rituals to overcome the fear. Post-traumatic stress disorder affects people who have acquireed through a traumatic event. Many veterans suffer from this disorder. General anxiety disorder is marked by a constant worry for no reason. (Margarita, 2009) According to Margarita (2009) Phobias are irrational and persistent fears that can be triggered by all manner of sources, including objects, situations, people, or activities. (p. 8) The two general types of phobias are social and specific phobias.Social phobias are triggered by everyday social situations. Specific phobias include fears about heights, spiders, water, snakes, or elevators. About 15 million Americans experience social phobias, and 19 million suffer from specific phobias. Phobias may come from a affright experience in childhood, chemical imbalances of the brain, r fears learned from ancestors. (Margarita, 2009) Many people may experience nervousness from different social situations, such as People with social phobias are crippled by their fear of social situations to the point that it interferes with their daily lives. Margarita, 2009) There are two types of social phobias circumscribed social phobia and generalized social phobia. Margarita (2009) defines circumscribed social phobia as, the fear of a specific situation. (p. 22) Examples of circumscribed social phobia includes being uncomfortable eating in a restaurant or being unable to use public staterooms. People suffering from circumscribed social phobia are usually able to lead relatively normal lives. They simply avoid the situation that makes them uneasy. Individuals that have generalized social phobia are much more likely to have difficulty with life.Margarita (2009) states, Generalized social phobia involves fear of all so cial situations, such as parties, school dances, or similar events. (p. 23) Specific phobias are an intense, irrational fear of something specific, such as flying, elevators, or insects. Specific phobias usually do not dominate a persons life. There are four types of specific phobias, including fear of insects and animals, fear of natural environments, fear of blood or injury and fear of dangerous situations. A 2001 poll revealed 51 percent of people with phobias are afraid of snakes.Other top ranking phobias include public speaking, heights, being in a small space, and spiders and insects. (Margarita, 2009) Of all the specific phobia suffers, 9 out of 10 are women. Parents may partially be to blame because they are more protective of daughters rather than sons. Boys are taught to be independent, whereas daughters are cautioned to stay close to home. Phobias often start in childhood and are carried into adult life. Another theory is that women are the more vulnerable sex, and are m ore likely to be the victim of sexual assault. Margarita, 2009) The physical reactions to phobias are numerous Breathing increases to take in more oxygen the heart beats faster blood pressure rises stomach vessels compress to force blood elsewhere arms and legs receive extra blood for energy and perspiration increases to regulate body temperature. This reaction of the body prepares it to fight the stress or run away from it. This is known as the flight or fight action. (Margarita, 2009) What causes phobias? Phobias can be a result of trauma in early life. Scientists are also studying brain function in regards to phobias.The amygdaloidal are located in the center of the brain. Amygdaloidal control emotions. Scientists continue to query the amygdaloidal to see if they malfunction, causing the body to overreact to fears. Neurotransmitters enable messages to circulate through the brain, and scientists wonder if an imbalance of neurotransmitters could cause phobias. (Margarita, 2009) P hobias affect people in more ways than Just the anxiety felt. People suffering from phobias spend an average of $700 more per year on healthcare than other patients. People with phobias take 60 percent more sick days than other employees.People with phobias are not as likely to advance in their careers because the affect the phobia has on their ponder performance. People with phobias earn on average 10 percent less, and have a 10 percent chance of not graduating college. Not only is involution and schooling disturbed, family life is as well. Sixteen percent of social phobia patients abuse alcohol, three times as many as the regular population. modern of phobia suffers have attempted suicide at one point in their lives. This is the same rate as people suffering with depression. Margarita, 2009) Treatment options for phobias include psychiatric therapy or Joining a support group. Some people overcome phobias by learning how to relax. The first step to overcoming fears is to realize they are irrational. It may also help to think about things that are not fearful. Some psychologists recommend yoga or exercise to reduce anxiety. They also urge patients not to discriminate themselves but rather keep in close contact with family and friends and discuss their fears with them. Others who suffer from phobias turn to cognitive-behavioral therapy.Cognitive-behavioral therapy gradually exposes the person to their fear. Cognitive-behavioral therapy was first used by newfound York psychotherapist Albert Ellis in 1953. Cognitive-behavioral therapy May take eight to twenty treatments, with homework assignments assigned between visits. During treatment patients are gradually exposed to their phobias and they work through the anxiety that is felt. The anxiety is greatly reduced and patients learn skills to work through any anxiety. Other suffering from phobias may cake antidepressants.These drugs help regulate the hunt of neurotransmitters. Antidepressants have high succes s rates, but medication alone wont cure phobias. People affected by phobias may be treated by a professional for months or years before getting over their fears. (Margarita, 2009) Do most experts today feel the same as Freud that phobias originate from sexual dysfunction? Most experts agree that trauma or change in life environments are the causes of most phobias. Although some phobias are quite debilitating, treatment options do dwell for people willing to work through their phobia.

Telemachus – Good or Bad Brother?

Siblings are the people we practice on, the people who teach us nigh fairness and cooperation and kindness and caring quite often the hard bearing. Pamela Dugdale (Blog writer) Would Telemachus be a Good or Bad Brother? Imagine for a moment what would happen if Telemachus, Odysseus son, The Odyssey by Homer, had a jr. brother or sister. How would his support change if he knew he has somebody to protect? Or if he knew he has somebody to pass the reins of power to? Probably he could be braver by knowing he is a live shield for somebody.On the other hand what would happen with his temperament if he had an older brother or sister? at that place is a chance he would be ment bothy weaker. Maybe he would blame his blood relation for all of his troubles. In order to find answers to these questions I depart be presenting you bare facts from question studies made by different people in different centuries. I am also testing my own make love and ability to understand this precious bond between siblings and family members. I am an older brother to my two younger lovely sisters. While I was maturement up I was still the unless nipper, but I was same(p) an older brother to my two dear cousins.Family bond is a special thing. Whenever you speak to your close family member whom you rendernt seen for a objet dart, you are to the highest degree likely to take his or her words deep into your heart. Thats why silver-eyed genus Athene uses form of Iphthime, genus Penelopes sister, in order to convince Penelope. And I exit do my best to describe l iodinely prince Telemachus character and apply it to the unhurt different environment, which will attest the peculiarity of growing up with siblings. Lets imagine him sharing not only common moment of felicitousness and joy, but bitter sweet moments of grief and sadness.Depending on what kind of person his sibling would be, Telemachus could possibly show us some of his negative qualities. Because I theorize Telemachus wo uld be too modest to be in charge of the family, I feel like his sibling would everyplacepower him. But in some shipway give than his father, loving and generous person Telemachus would become a good brother T here is an arouse article I read that I would like to circumstances. It is called siblings relationship and for its most part it is summarizing article that gives a reader a broad view of siblings behavior in a family.Here are some interesting moments The earliest research on relationships among siblings developed the common theme that brothers and sisters relate to each other mainly in a rivalrous way, competing for parental assistance and status within the family unit. It is true that young siblings frequently fight with each other, putting a strain on the entire family in fact, family psychologists report that squabbling among siblings is sensation of the top concerns of their clients(sibling relationship). It is true that rivalry exist within any family with two and more(prenominal) kids.But scientists, in their materialistic nature, will al ways be looking for sources and reasons why it happens. The old opinion is formulated by Alfred Adler in 1959. Adler says, that the dethronement of the eldest child by the birth of a sibling is a trauma that initiates all sibling rivalry (sibling relationship). This opinion is pretty narrow. Newer facts that we get fromSome studies show that those siblings who exhibit the most rivalry are also the most likely to cooperate, be affectionate, share, and support each other(sibling relationship).Meaning it helps kids to develop good qualities such as ability to share, compassion, consideration and patience. My interpretation of it is as follows if two brothers are fighting over a bicycle and an older brother always gets to ride it and he does it day after(prenominal) day. Until he gets to the point when he starts realizing that he makes his brother sad. This is a moment when older brothers personality is star ting to change. Maybe he will not change his behavior right away, because there is unremarkably too much rivalry divergence on between brothers.So its up to older brother to change first, but both of them will charter an understanding of the importance of sharing into adult life. In a similar way siblings learn how to solve relationship problems that may happen in their future. When interviewed one old couple said, The Secret of Our 78-Year Marriage? Argue Every Day(101-Year-Old Married Couple). I would like to come up with an only child in a family study in order to better understand Telemachus.There is a stereotype that children throw away a better chance to grow into healthy adults if they come siblings. The only child is popularly considered to be selfish, lonely, and maladjusted (Falbo). This opinion was around for more than a hundred of years since the first studies in 1880s. Nowadays the studies show only child in family usually performs better in school and is more like ly to achieve expectations of their parents. Dont get me wrong here I think siblings gain better qualities in their childishness than only child.When siblings grow up and become adults they tend to be worked uply strong and disposed(p) for relationship issues that are inevitable. On the contrary, the only child is not emotionally prepared and will have expectations of everything and everyone to be near to perfect. The moment something goes wrong it is harder for the only child to accept it and work on that emotional problem. In an article called Only child syndrome a myth the author crashes the myth of the only child not having enough friends.Nonetheless there are some interesting facts in the article. It says, A study of kindergarteners, published in 2004 in the diary of Marriage and Family, represent that teachers rated sibling-less children lower on a variety of well-disposed skills, including self-control and interpersonal skills (Sohn). For a moment imagine this happens in 2004 when there are a quid of pre-school classes for kids and day-care centers, but back on Ithaca years and years ago Telemachus probably had not many kids to play with.Laura Padilla-Walker at Brigham Young University made an interesting research She recently found that having affectionate siblings helped kids, ages 10 to 14, feel less lonely and depressed and act more generously (Sohn). It proves the al wee-wee mentioned statement that siblings are skill how to be generous just by living together. Here is another important statement that she makes, If parents only have one child, they will just have to work a little harder to give children those opportunities (Laura Padilla-Walker) (Sohn).I think these words would be true about Penelope working hard to establish good social skills in her sons mind. I assume that all the credit gets Penelope for growing a fine son like Telemachus, but peradventure it happened thanks to Eurycleias care and love. Eurycleia is on Odysseus nurse. No netheless, there is no clear answer in here. Interesting facts were published in North Ameri apprise Journal of Psychology. Adult siblings can be essential resource for support, love and friendship (Van Volkom, Machiz and Reich). This many studies supporting my idea that having a sibling is so many ways beneficial. When siblings do not have a good relationship with their parents, they tend to overcompensate by having a supportive relationship with one another. Support and oestrus is different between men and women (Van Volkom, Machiz and Reich). This makes me believe that Telemachus would be even closer with his sibling because they both would share the pain of growing up without father. Living done traumatic life experiences together makes the sibling bond stronger (Van Volkom, Machiz and Reich), that would be living in a house that is invaded by suitors in Telemachus case.The researchers found out about the love and hate pattern that frequently occurs in the sibling relationship (Van Volkom, Machiz and Reich). But positive outcomes can result from rivalry such as learning how to share and compromise (Van Volkom, Machiz and Reich). I would like to summarize the whole article. The studies made are showing that overall, most participants reported that rivalry peaked in either childhood or adolescense normal), and then declines in adulthood as siblings come back together as friends (Van Volkom, Machiz and Reich).I think this research is supporting my two previous researches and brings up new facts to think about. There was a moment in The Odyssey that simply shows why it is good to have a sibling in this life. Bright-eyed genus Athene inflexible to help Penelope by cheering her up and encouraging her. Athena creates a phantom of Penelopes sister Iphthime, then phantom enters Penelopes dream. So Penelope is dreaming, tired of endless crying, and suddenly her beautiful sister, the person she can trust and believe, is in her dream.And so Athena inspires her, You r son will still come home its decreetHe travels with such an escort, one that other would pray to stand beside them. She has power-Pallas Athena(4. 907-932). These words spelled from her sisters lips shake up her like nothing else in the world. Athena reached deep into her heart, bringing love there and flaring a small light of hope into a broad fire of belief. Sometimes its good to have somebody to remind you about how beautiful life is and that you are not alone because you have your wondrous brother or sister. Now, imagine Telemachus growing up with his older brother.Finally he has somebody to talk to, but I think Telemachus would be blaming his brother in the same in what he is blaming suitors and gods. Here is what he says to his mother, why, mother/why deny our devoted bard the chance to entertain us any way the spirit stirs him on? Bards are not to blame Zeus is to blame. He deals to each to each and every laborer on this earth whatever condemn he pleases (1. 395-403). Maybe he would accuse his older brother of not protecting their mother. It might also happen so he would proceed with Athenas plan behind his brothers back.But otherwise, I think Telemachus would die for his brother, here what he says when he is protecting his father, Ctesippus, you can thank your palmy stars you missed our guest he ducked your blow, by god Else I would have planted my sharp spear into your bowelsand Id rather die, yes, better that by far then have to look on at your outrage day by day(20. 340-354). Telemachus is brave, though he grew up without father or sibling, but I can only imagine how much more courage he would have gained having his older brother by his side. Maybe they would be plotting the same plan on how to get rid of suitors together.Of course, it all depends on what kind of person his brother would be. Just a little different business office would occur if Telemachus suddenly happened to have a younger brother or sister. Definitely, he would not sit around with suitors, as he does day by day. He complains to Athena,Soon you wait theyll grind me down as well (1. 293) He would have never said that if he would have clear closing to protect what is precious to him. Its like a duty of older brother. He would understand he must act in order to exempt the future of his sibling.I would like to add two more qualities that can be learned being a brother from my own personal experience. I am an older brother to my two sisters five and six years old. Beside that Im an older cousin to my two other cousins. We were three boys growing up together. Being an older brother is learning how to be patient. I was growing up with only one sister. But even that one was enough. Looking after that small yo-yo takes nerves made of steel. From love the patience is born. And through patience a lot of things can be forgiven. Things like, turning off my computer while Im playing my favored video game, which my sister enjoyed to do.As for being an older cousin a different lesson is taught. I did hurt my younger cousins and I do pity it a lot by now. I wish I wouldnt be so harsh older brother as I was. When you have power over others it takes time to understand how to not overuse it. After doing a research and looking into Telemachus character I can surely say he would be a great brother. He would team up with his older sibling against suitors. Be it a brother, they would make a plan on how to slaughter suitors. If a sister, they would look for some help outside or maybe in some tricky way would have poisoned them.If a sibling would be a strong person, Telemachus would double his or her qualities making them twice stronger and wiser. If a sibling would be weak person, Telemachus would be ready to take over the responsibilities. In a last situation the sibling having a reckless life would have caused Telemachus into even greater depression. Having a younger sibling would bring great benefits to Telemachus. He would gain qualities lik e supportiveness, patience and self-confidence. Because he would be in care of somebody he would become more reliable. He would be more responsible for his words and he would support his words with actions.If he had an older sister she would give him a good emotional support. Overall, Telemachus would become a man that is ready to accept and fight off his problems in a manly manner. In general having a sibling is most likely to have a positive effect on ones personality. This belief is so strong in our society that many couples answer to give birth to a second child. Nowadays studies prove that sibling relationship is not that easy. Usually there is a lot of rivalry going on between siblings in adolescence, but it mostly results in strengthening the bond between siblings.Other studies are trying to prove that only child is happier and performs better in school, but my opinion is growing up with sibling is a lesson that is priceless in a school called life. I value the siblings expe rience 5 times higher than only child having a happy childhood. So might some of us that grew up as only child have to think to themselves Do I have to catch up with those people who grew up with a sibling? Works Cited Falbo, Tony The One-Child Family in the United States Research Issues and Results Studies in Family Planning Vol. 13, No. 6/7 (Jun. Jul. , 1982), pp. 12-215 Web. 11 of April 2012 Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York Penguin Classics, 1996. Print. Senior, Jennifer 101-Year-Old Married Couple www. nymag. com (2009) n. page Web. 4 of April 2012 Sibling family relationship , N. A. www. faqs. com (2012) n. page Web. 4 of April 2012 Sohn, Emilie Only Child Syndrome a Myth news. discovery. com (2010) n. page Web. 4 of April 2012 Van Volkom, Michel , Machiz, Carly and Reich, Ashley E. Sibling Relationship in College years North American Journal of Psychology 2011, Vol. 13 Issue 1, p35-50, 16p, 1 Chart, Web. 11 of April 2012

Evaluate the Causes of World War I Essay

World fight one is one of the most important events in human beings history. It took rank in Europe in 1914-1918. The whole world participated this war. So e genuinelyone had some responsibility. There are more than one reasons for the outbreak of this war. Mainly, it was the expansion form of nationalism & the alliances system. Other issues played a major part too, such as imperialism, the industrial revolution, naval race and domestic factors. One of the main long terminal figure causes as I tell before is Nationalism. Nationalism is the patriotic feeling when people recollect passionately for their countries.The extreme feeling of nationalism is called ethnocentrism and it leads to fascism. Nationalism to a fault, promoted the war because nationalists wanted to reestablish their nations power. Th e majority of people before and during the world war one, wanted to have a bigger territory. Flags are created to represent a country. The three countries that create the Triple bail bond was formed by different heathenish groups. Above all, Austrias Hungarys ethnic groups wanted their independence. These groups were, Slovaks, Serbs & Czechs.They wanted to rule themselves and have their own state. Particularly, many Serbs in different territories wanted to join the neighboring state of Serbia. Italy was also formed from a collection of smaller states, aiming at having its government established. The trigger cause of world war one was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinard & his wife also by a Serbian nationalist. This happened in June 1914 while they were in Sarajevo, Bosnia which was a part of Austria Hungary. This assassination was in protest to Austria Hungary having control of the region.This was the extreme form of nationalism as I said above, that killed the prince of Austria and world war one began. Another cause which cause the war is imperialism. In other words, the competition among powerful countries to extend their power. All the coun tries were looking for ship canal to conquer oversea colonies. There was a competitive feeling about it. They also needed more resources. Naval bases for Germany & Britain were also of paramount important. For example, France & Russia prepared to incline any German invasion. Germany took from France an important industrial area of Alsace Lorraine.In 1890 Germany has a New Kaiser who was very active. Germany seized control of Chinese ports & wanted more oversea colonies as Britain & France had. Italy also wanted more oversea colonies and thats a reason it joined the Triple Alliance. Furthermore, there is another cause, the alliances. Alliances existed to support friends and threaten enemies. The promoted their own culture. Alliances movements are like gangs. They used violence and technology weapons. Alliances active role before the war was to understand the progress of the war & countrys movements.So before world war one Russia defended Serbia. Serbias territories were controlled by the state of Austria Hungary. Serbia started the war against Austria Hungary and Russia got involved. France & Russia had a close friendship. A response to get gumption its land Germany attacked France through Belgium. In 1884 the Triple Alliance we formed with Germany, Italy and Austria Hungary to support each other militarily in case of an attack. The Triple Entente that formed in 1904 with Britain, France and Russia. The last cause of the war was the industrial revolution, in other words militarism.Militarism is associated with technology weapons. Such as cars, bombs, machine guns, submarines, bullets, dynamites etc. Industrial culture was very important in order to be powerful. In this new war armies used cars and not horses. Another point is the radio, was used for propaganda. Everything was moving very fast. Military includes submarines, airplanes and machine guns. France & Russia worried a lot for Germanys development. Loans from France helped Russia to develop indust ries. Germanys navy plan named Navy Code was increasing their navy.This plan worked as a threaten to Britain. Germanys development of their navy was apparent. It become one of the worlds most powerful navy in 1980 with Britain first. In 1914 German industries was second in the world only to that of the USA. Serbia was also becoming a powerful force in Balkans. France also built up their industries & army. Russia was the largest of all sextette powers however it was the most backward and least developed. As a result of this war there was devastation across Europe. Eight millions of people died & twenty ennead millions injured.The use of the word destruction includes issues we are not able to see. Its not only the destruction of buildings, the lack of education and the economic decline. Its also the lack of ideas, family issues, the psychology of the crowd, propaganda and much more. Even after the world war one for decades the leaders changing politics, changes & public opinions. In my opinion preserving the peace was incomplete Triple Alliances or Triple ententes priority. What if the countries did not show off or compete for power? I believe that nationalism was the most important cause for causing the war.Consequently all the countries were reacting in extremely nationalistic ways and unreasonably. I also think world war one was a result of leaders antagonism towards other countries which was sustained by the increasing nationalism of European nations. The assassination of Archduke worked as the immediate cause that triggered a domino effect of reactions among all these countries. If this wouldnt happen, they would have find another cause to start the war. I suppose everythings happened because of the selfishness leaders had. They didnt inspire the crowd & this prove that there was the failure of diplomacy.